TORONTO, Feb. 7, 2024 /CNW/ - Sun Life Financial Inc. (TSX: SLF) (NYSE: SLF) announced its results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2023.

• Underlying net income⁽¹⁾ of $983 million increased $91 million or 10% from Q4'22⁽²⁾ (full year - $3,728 million increased $359 million or 11% from 2022⁽²⁾); underlying ROE⁽¹⁾ was 18.4% (full year - 17.8%).
  • Wealth & asset management underlying net income⁽¹⁾: $439 million, up $27 million or 7% (full year - $1,726 million, up $53 million or 3%).
  • Group - Health & Protection underlying net income⁽¹⁾: $365 million, up $44 million or 14% (full year - $1,313 million, up $350 million or 36%).
  • Individual - Protection underlying net income⁽¹⁾: $284 million, up $53 million or 23% (full year - $1,137 million, up $137 million or 14%).
  • Corporate expenses & other⁽¹⁾: $(105) million net loss, an increase of $33 million in net loss or 46% (full year - $(448) million net loss, an increase of $181 million in net loss or 68%).
• Reported net income of $749 million decreased $416 million or 36% from Q4'22⁽²⁾ (full year - $3,086 million increased $215 million or 7% from 2022⁽²⁾; reported ROE⁽¹⁾ was 14.0% (full year - 14.7%).

"Sun Life closed 2023 with a strong fourth quarter driven by exceptional sales for individual protection, as well as good momentum in our group health and protection businesses, reflecting the value and trust Clients place on Sun Life's solutions," said Kevin Strain, President and CEO of Sun Life. "Despite a challenging market, our Asset Management pillar delivered solid underlying earnings led by record earnings at SLC Management and steady margins at MFS."

"We continue to provide Clients with access to quality care through digital innovation and partnerships to support their health journey. In Canada, we completed our acquisition of Dialogue Health Technologies and made an investment in Pillway, a virtual pharmacy."

Financial and Operational Highlights - Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023

Financial and Operational Highlights - Quarterly Comparison (Q4'23 vs. Q4'22)

Underlying net income⁽¹⁾ of $983 million increased $91 million or 10% from prior year, driven by:

• Wealth & asset management⁽¹⁾ up $27 million: Higher Asset Management fee-related earnings and higher investment income driven by volume growth and an increase in yields.
• Group - Health & Protection⁽¹⁾ up $44 million: Business premium growth in the U.S. and Canada, improved disability experience in Canada, and higher investment contributions in the U.S., partially offset by lower results in U.S. Dental.
• Individual - Protection⁽¹⁾ up $53 million: Business growth reflecting good sales momentum in Asia, and higher investment contributions in Canada, partially offset by lower earnings due to the sale of Sun Life UK⁽²⁾.
• Corporate expenses & other⁽¹⁾ $(33) million increase in net loss driven by higher operating expenses reflecting business growth and continued investments in the business, partially offset by a lower effective tax rate.
• Higher earnings on surplus primarily driven by higher net interest income and lower realized losses.

Reported net income of $749 million decreased $416 million or 36%, driven by:

• Unfavourable market-related impacts primarily reflecting interest rates and real estate experience⁽³⁾;
• The prior year impact of the Canada Tax Rate Change⁽⁴⁾; and
• Fair value changes in management's ownership of MFS⁽⁵⁾ shares; partially offset by
• The increase in underlying net income;
• The impact of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Change⁽⁶⁾; and
• Lower DentaQuest integration costs.

Underlying ROE was 18.4% and reported ROE was 14.0% (Q4'22 - 17.7% and 23.2%, respectively). SLF Inc. ended the quarter with a LICAT ratio of 149%.

Business Group Highlights

In 2023, Sun Life was certified as a Great Place to Work® in Canada, the U.S., Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and Ireland. In addition, SLC Management was also named 2023 Best Places to Work in Money Management for the fourth year in a row by Pensions & Investments⁽¹⁾. This recognition reflects our inclusive culture and commitment to our people. Sun Life fosters a positive work environment where we provide resources and flexibility to support mental, physical and professional well-being, and where diversity is valued.

Asset Management: A global leader in both public and alternative asset classes through MFS and SLC Management

Asset Management underlying net income of $331 million increased $7 million or 2% from prior year, driven by:

• MFS down $15 million (down US$11 million): Higher expenses offset by higher fee income from average net assets ("ANA"). The MFS pre-tax net operating profit margin⁽²⁾ was 39.4% for Q4'23, compared to 39.5% in the prior year.
• SLC Management up $22 million: The increase in underlying net income was driven by higher fee-related earnings and higher net seed investment income. Fee-related earnings⁽²⁾ increased 26% driven by higher AUM, reflecting strong capital raising and deployment across the platform and the AAM acquisition⁽³⁾. Fee-related earnings margin⁽²⁾ was 24% for Q4'23, consistent with the prior year.

Reported net income of $297 million decreased $24 million or 7% from prior year, largely reflecting fair value changes in management's ownership of MFS shares.

Asset Management ended Q4'23 with $1,016 billion of AUM, consisting of $793 billion (US$599 billion) in MFS and $223 billion in SLC Management. Total Asset Management net outflows of $11.4 billion in Q4'23 reflected MFS net outflows of $15.3 billion (US$11.2 billion) partially offset by SLC Management net inflows of $3.9 billion.

During the year, MFS became the 9^th largest fund group⁽⁴⁾ for the U.S. retail mutual fund industry based on AUM.

SLC Management continued its growth trajectory closing the year with $177 billion in fee earning AUM, up 8% from prior year, and won the 2023 CIO's Industry Innovation Awards for Private Credit.

Canada: A leader in health, wealth, and insurance

Canada underlying net income of $350 million increased $85 million or 32% from prior year, reflecting:

• Wealth & asset management up $20 million: Increase in investment income driven by higher volume and yields.
• Group - Health & Protection up $57 million: Business premium growth and improved disability experience reflecting higher margins, lower claims volumes, and shorter claims durations.
• Individual - Protection up $8 million: Higher investment contributions partially offset by unfavourable mortality experience.
• Higher earnings on surplus, primarily driven by realized gains in the current year.

Reported net income of $348 million decreased $105 million or 23% from prior year, driven by market-related impacts primarily from interest rates and real estate experience, and the prior year impact of the Canada Tax Rate Change⁽⁵⁾, partially offset by ACMA⁽⁶⁾ impacts and the increase in underlying net income.

Canada's sales⁽⁷⁾:

• Wealth sales & asset management gross flows of $5 billion were up 32%, driven by higher Individual Wealth sales, primarily from mutual funds, and higher defined benefit sales in Group Retirement Services ("GRS").
• Group - Health & Protection sales of $174 million were up 63%, driven by higher large case sales.
• Individual - Protection sales of $171 million were up 23%, driven by higher participating whole life insurance sales.

We continue to focus on strengthening and expanding our health business to help Clients live healthier lives. During the quarter we completed the acquisition of Dialogue Health Technologies Inc., Canada's premier virtual health care and wellness platform providing affordable on-demand access to quality care. Further, we finalized a contract with the Government of Canada to be the administrator of the Canadian Dental Care Plan, which will provide access to dental care for up to nine million additional Canadians in need. We also completed a minority investment in Simpill Health Group Inc., operating as Pillway, a virtual pharmacy offering the ability to consult a knowledgeable pharmacist by chat or phone call and direct delivery of medication in Canada, expanding upon our digital health services and offerings, including the Q2'23 launch of the Lumino Health™ Pharmacy app.

We continue to expand our distribution capabilities through the creation of a securities investment dealer, Sun Life Canada Securities Inc. ("SLCSI"). We received approval from the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization in the fourth quarter, and expect an operational launch in 2024. Our expanded offerings in SLCSI will broaden access to wealth solutions to help Clients achieve lifetime financial security.

U.S.: A leader in health and benefits

U.S. underlying net income of US$187 million increased US$14 million or 8% ($253 million increased $23 million or 10%) from prior year, driven by:

• Group - Health & Protection down US$7 million: Lower Dental results reflecting the impact of Medicaid redeterminations following the end of the Public Health Emergency, partially offset by higher Group Benefits results. In Group Benefits, strong revenue growth, higher net investment results and favourable mortality experience was partially offset by less favourable morbidity experience.
• Individual - Protection up US$21 million: The inclusion of the UK payout annuity business⁽¹⁾ and improved mortality experience.

Reported net income of US$77 million decreased US$74 million or 49% ($101 million decreased $101 million or 50%) from prior year, driven by ACMA impacts, and market-related impacts largely from interest rates and real estate experience, partially offset by lower DentaQuest integration costs and the increase in underlying net income.

U.S. group sales of US$932 million were up US$33 million or 4% ($1,269 million, up $48 million or 4%), driven by higher medical stop-loss and commercial dental sales, partially offset by lower employee benefits sales and lower large case sales in Dental.

We continue to advance our strategy of helping more people get access to the health care and coverage they need. In the fourth quarter, the states of Iowa and Arkansas awarded DentaQuest Medicaid dental benefits contracts, supporting our mission to provide access to dental care for families and children in underserved communities. The Dental business has recorded more than US$650 million in sales since closing the DentaQuest acquisition on June 1, 2022, and has approximately 36 million members as of January 1, 2024.

In Health and Risk Solutions, we continue to differentiate our medical stop-loss offering with solutions that increase access to health care and improve clinical outcomes for members, while protecting against high-cost claims for employers. We recently announced a partnership with in-home, tech-enabled medical care provider Somatus to provide one-on-one support to our members with chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure, two common high-cost conditions. We also announced a partnership with Virtual Me^TM(2) to provide our Health Navigator product through their telehealth services that cater to business clients, as well as individuals who are underinsured or uninsured.

Asia: A regional leader focused on fast-growing markets

Asia underlying net income of $143 million increased $8 million or 6% from prior year, driven by:

• Individual - Protection up $20 million: Business growth reflecting good sales momentum, partially offset by lower earnings on surplus.
• Regional office expenses & other $(12) million increased net loss primarily reflecting continued pan Asia investments in the business.

Reported net income of $44 million decreased $48 million or 52% from prior year, driven by ACMA impacts, partially offset by the impact of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Change⁽³⁾. 

Asia's sales⁽⁴⁾:

• Individual sales of $536 million were up 49%, primarily driven by higher sales in Hong Kong reflecting increased demand as pandemic-related travel restrictions were lifted in early 2023, and in International reflecting continued demand for our products, partially offset by lower sales in Vietnam reflecting market conditions, and China.
• Wealth sales & asset management gross flows of $2 billion were up 12%, primarily driven by higher mutual fund sales in India, partially offset by lower money market fund sales in the Philippines.

New business CSM of $223 million in Q4'23 was up from $122 million in the prior year, primarily driven by sales in Hong Kong and High-Net-Worth.

We are dedicated to helping Clients achieve lifetime financial security by expanding product offerings to meet their evolving needs. In Singapore, we launched a new index universal life product⁽⁵⁾, providing High-Net-Worth Clients a dynamic balance between long-term protection and growth, with the flexibility to customize premium payments and allocations among investment options to meet their goals. This new product has been well received by the market, contributing to Singapore's Q4'23 strong sales growth.

Our diversified mix of high-performing, quality-focused distribution channels, including our new bancassurance partnership with Dah Sing Bank, contributed to record sales and increased market position for Sun Life Hong Kong.

Corporate

Corporate underlying net loss was $94 million compared to underlying net loss of $62 million in the prior year, driven by the sale of Sun Life UK⁽¹⁾ and higher operating expenses, partially offset by a lower effective tax rate.

Reported net loss was $41 million compared to reported net income of $97 million in the prior year, reflecting the impacts from the sale of Sun Life UK ⁽¹⁾, the prior year impact of tax-related matters⁽²⁾, and the change in underlying net loss.

About Sun Life

Sun Life is a leading international financial services organization providing asset management, wealth, insurance and health solutions to individual and institutional Clients. Sun Life has operations in a number of markets worldwide, including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, India, China, Australia, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bermuda. As of December 31, 2023, Sun Life had total assets under management of $1.40 trillion. For more information, please visit www.sunlife.com.

Sun Life Financial Inc. trades on the Toronto (TSX), New York (NYSE) and Philippine (PSE) stock exchanges under the ticker symbol SLF.

A. How We Report Our Results

Sun Life Financial Inc., its subsidiaries and, where applicable, its joint ventures and associates are collectively referred to as "the Company", "Sun Life", "we", "our", and "us". We manage our operations and report our financial results in five business segments: Asset Management, Canada, U.S., Asia, and Corporate. Information concerning these segments is included in our annual and interim consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes ("Annual Consolidated Financial Statements" and "Interim Consolidated Financial Statements", respectively, and "Consolidated Financial Statements" collectively) and interim and annual management's discussion and analysis ("MD&A"). We prepare our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements using International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"), the accounting requirements of the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions ("OSFI"). Reported net income (loss) refers to Common shareholders' net income (loss) determined in accordance with IFRS.

On January 1, 2023 we adopted IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts ("IFRS 17"), which replaces IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 17 establishes the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of insurance contracts. On January 1, 2023, we also adopted IFRS 9 Financial Instruments ("IFRS 9"), which replaces IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The nature and effects of the key changes in our critical accounting policies and estimated impacts from the adoption of the new standards are summarized in section N - Accounting and Control Matters - 2 - Changes in Accounting Policies in our 2023 Annual MD&A. For more information including the measurement and classification of opening balances, refer to Note 2 of our 2023 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

Unless otherwise noted, all amounts are in Canadian dollars. Amounts in this document are impacted by rounding.

Note to Readers: 2022 Restated Results on Adoption of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9

2022 results have been restated for the adoption of IFRS 17 and the related IFRS 9 classification overlay ("the new standards"). The restated results may not be fully representative of our future earnings profile, as we were not managing our asset and liability portfolios under the new standards. The majority of the actions taken to re-balance asset portfolios and transition asset-liability management execution to an IFRS 17 basis occurred in Q1'23. Accordingly, analysis based on 2022 comparative results may not necessarily be indicative of future trends, and should be interpreted with this context. Using sensitivities to analyze the outlook for market risk and related impacts (e.g., interest rate sensitivities) will be more representative starting with the sensitivities disclosed for Q1'23 and onward in section K - Risk Management in the 2023 Annual MD&A and section I - Risk Management in each quarter's respective interim MD&A document. Certain 2022 restated results and 2023 interim results in the Drivers of Earnings and CSM Movement Analysis were refined to more accurately reflect how management views the business.

1. Use of Non-IFRS Financial Measures

We report certain financial information using non-IFRS financial measures, as we believe that these measures provide information that is useful to investors in understanding our performance and facilitate a comparison of our quarterly and full year results from period to period. These non-IFRS financial measures do not have any standardized meaning and may not be comparable with similar measures used by other companies. For certain non-IFRS financial measures, there are no directly comparable amounts under IFRS. These non-IFRS financial measures should not be viewed in isolation from or as alternatives to measures of financial performance determined in accordance with IFRS. Additional information concerning non-IFRS financial measures and, if applicable, reconciliations to the closest IFRS measures are available in section H - Non-IFRS Financial Measures in this document, section M - Non-IFRS Financial Measures in our 2023 Annual MD&A, and the Supplementary Financial Information package on www.sunlife.com under Investors - Financial results and reports.

2. Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this document are forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including the "safe harbour" provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and applicable Canadian securities legislation. Additional information concerning forward-looking statements and important risk factors that could cause our assumptions, estimates, expectations and projections to be inaccurate and our actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements can be found in section I - Forward-looking Statements in this document.

3. Additional Information

Additional information about SLF Inc. can be found in the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Annual and Interim MD&A and SLF Inc.'s Annual Information Form ("AIF") for the year ended December 31, 2023. These documents are filed with securities regulators in Canada and are available at www.sedarplus.ca. SLF Inc.'s Annual Consolidated Financial Statements, Annual MD&A and AIF are filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in SLF Inc.'s annual report on Form 40-F and SLF Inc.'s Interim MD&A and Interim Consolidated Financial Statements are furnished to the SEC on Form 6-Ks and are available at www.sec.gov.

B. Financial Summary

C. Profitability

The following table reconciles our Common shareholders' net income ("reported net income") and underlying net income. All factors discussed in this document that impact underlying net income are also applicable to reported net income. Certain adjustments and notable items also impact the CSM, such as mortality experience and assumption changes; see section E - Contractual Service Margin in this document for more information.

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Underlying net income⁽¹⁾ of $983 million increased $91 million or 10%, driven by:

• Wealth & asset management⁽¹⁾ up $27 million: Higher Asset Management fee-related earnings and higher investment income driven by volume growth and an increase in yields.
• Group - Health & Protection⁽¹⁾ up $44 million: Business premium growth in the U.S. and Canada, improved disability experience in Canada, and higher investment contributions in the U.S., partially offset by lower results in U.S. Dental.
• Individual - Protection⁽¹⁾ up $53 million: Business growth reflecting good sales momentum in Asia, and higher investment contributions in Canada, partially offset by lower earnings due to the sale of Sun Life UK⁽²⁾.
• Corporate expenses & other⁽¹⁾ $(33) million increase in net loss driven by higher operating expenses reflecting business growth and continued investments in the business, partially offset by a lower effective tax rate.
• Higher earnings on surplus primarily driven by higher net interest income and lower realized losses.

Reported net income of $749 million decreased $416 million or 36%, driven by:

• Unfavourable market-related impacts primarily reflecting interest rates and real estate experience;
• The prior year impact of the Canada Tax Rate Change⁽³⁾; and
• Fair value changes in management's ownership of MFS shares; partially offset by
• The increase in underlying net income;
• The impact of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Change⁽⁴⁾; and
• Lower DentaQuest integration costs.

Foreign exchange translation led to an increase of $2 million and $3 million in underlying net income and reported net income, respectively.

Underlying ROE was 18.4% and reported ROE was 14.0% (Q4'22 - 17.7% and 23.2%, respectively).

1.      Market-related impacts

Market-related impacts represent the difference between actual versus expected market movements⁽⁵⁾. Market-related impacts resulted in a decrease of $193 million to reported net income, driven by real estate experience and interest rate impacts. 

2.      Assumption changes and management actions

The net impact of assumption changes and management actions was a decrease of $1 million to reported net income and includes methods and assumptions changes on insurance contracts as well as related impacts. These included favourable impacts from financial-related assumptions offset largely by refinements to Sun Life Health in Canada. For additional details refer to "Assumption Changes and Management Actions by Type" in section E - Contractual Service Margin in this document.

3.      Other adjustments

Other adjustments decreased reported net income $40 million, reflecting DentaQuest integration costs and amortization of acquired intangible assets, SLC Management acquisition-related costs, and fair value changes in management's ownership of MFS shares, partially offset by the impact from the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Change⁽⁴⁾.

4.      Experience-related items 

In the fourth quarter of 2023, notable experience items included:

• Favourable morbidity experience largely in Canada and U.S. medical stop-loss;
• Unfavourable expense experience largely in U.S. Dental, Canada, and Asia; and
• Unfavourable credit experience that impacted Canada results.

5.   Income taxes

The statutory tax rate is impacted by various items, such as lower taxes on income subject to tax in foreign jurisdictions, tax-exempt investment income, and other sustainable tax benefits.

Bermuda recognized a deferred tax asset of $51 million in Q4'23. Refer to Note 19 in the 2023 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

The Q4'23 effective income tax rate (recovery)⁽¹⁾ on underlying net income and reported net income was 16.5% and (11.1)% respectively. Our reported effective tax rate for the quarter represents a tax recovery. Declining interest rates led to higher tax-exempt investment income. We also recorded a $51 million tax recovery from establishing an economic transition deferred tax asset permitted under the new Bermuda Corporate Income Tax regime. These adjustments recorded in Q4'23 resulted in a net tax recovery.

6.   Impacts of foreign exchange translation

Foreign exchange translation led to an increase of $2 million and $3 million in underlying net income and reported net income, respectively.

D. Growth

1. Sales and Gross Flows

Total wealth sales & asset management gross flows increased $2.5 billion or 6% year-over-year ($2.4 billion⁽¹⁾ or 6%⁽¹⁾, excluding foreign exchange translation).

• Asset Management gross flows increased $0.8 billion⁽¹⁾ or 2%⁽¹⁾, reflecting higher gross flows in SLC Management, partially offset by lower gross flows in MFS.
• Canada wealth sales & asset management gross flows increased $1.3 billion or 32%, driven by higher Individual Wealth sales, primarily from mutual funds, and higher defined benefit sales in Group Retirement Services ("GRS").
• Asia wealth sales & asset management gross flows increased $0.2 billion⁽¹⁾ or 12%⁽¹⁾, primarily driven by higher mutual fund sales in India, partially offset by lower money market fund sales in the Philippines.

Total group health & protection sales increased $114 million or 8% from prior year ($110 million⁽¹⁾ or 8%⁽¹⁾, excluding foreign exchange translation).

• Canada group sales increased $67 million or 63%, driven by higher large case sales.
• U.S. group sales increased $44 million⁽¹⁾ or 4%⁽¹⁾, driven by higher medical stop-loss and commercial dental sales, partially offset by lower employee benefits sales and lower large case sales in Dental.

Total individual protection sales increased $209 million or 42% from prior year ($207 million⁽¹⁾ or 42%⁽¹⁾, excluding foreign exchange translation).

• Canada individual sales increased $32 million or 23%, driven by higher participating whole life insurance sales.
• Asia individual sales increased $175 million⁽¹⁾ or 49%⁽¹⁾, primarily driven by higher sales in Hong Kong reflecting increased demand as pandemic-related travel restrictions were lifted in early 2023, and in International reflecting continued demand for our products, partially offset by lower sales in Vietnam reflecting market conditions, and China.

New business CSM represents growth derived from sales activity in the period. The impact of new insurance business drove a $381 million increase in CSM, compared to $253 million in the prior year, driven by higher individual protection sales in Asia in Hong Kong and High-Net-Worth, and Canada.

2. Assets Under Management

AUM consists of general funds, the investments for segregated fund holders ("segregated funds") and third-party assets managed by the Company. Third-party AUM is comprised of institutional and managed funds, as well as other AUM related to our joint ventures.

AUM increased $81.0 billion or 6% from December 31, 2022, primarily driven by:

(i)      favourable market movements on the value of segregated, retail, institutional and managed funds of $126.9 billion;
(ii)     an increase in AUM of general fund assets of $6.5 billion primarily due to net fair value growth from declining interest rates; and
(iii)    an increase of $5.2 billion from AUM primarily driven by the AAM acquisition⁽¹⁾; partially offset by
(iv)    net outflows from segregated funds and third-party AUM of $26.9 billion;
(v)     a decrease of $24.4 billion from foreign exchange translation (excluding the impacts of general fund assets); and
(vi)    Client distributions of $6.5 billion.

Segregated fund and third-party AUM net outflows of $11.4 billion during the quarter were comprised of:

Third-Party AUM increased by $69.8 billion or 7% from December 31, 2022, primarily driven by:

(i)      favourable market movements of $113.9 billion;
(ii)     other business activities of $9.3 billion; and
(iii)    an increase of $5.2 billion from AUM primarily driven by the AAM acquisition⁽¹⁾; partially offset by
(iv)    net outflows of $27.0 billion;
(v)     foreign exchange translation of $25.1 billion; and
(vi)    Client distributions of $6.5 billion.

E. Contractual Service Margin

Contractual Service Margin represents a source of stored value for future insurance profits and qualifies as available capital for LICAT purposes. CSM is a component of insurance contract liabilities. The following table shows the change in CSM including its recognition into net income in the period, as well as the growth from new insurance sales activity.

Total CSM ended Q4'23 at $11.8 billion, an increase of $0.9 billion or 8% from December 31, 2022:

• Organic CSM movement was driven by the impact of new insurance business, reflecting strong individual protection sales in Asia and Canada.
• Favourable insurance experience occurred in Canada and Asia.
• Unfavourable markets and other impacts driven by interest rates.
• Impact of change in assumptions include favourable net mortality and net favourable model refinements.
• A $262 million reduction to the CSM balance from the sale of Sun Life UK.

Assumption Changes and Management Actions by Type

The impact on CSM of ACMA is attributable to insurance contracts and related impacts under the general measurement approach ("GMA") and variable fee approach ("VFA"). For insurance contracts measured under the GMA, the impacts flow through the CSM at locked-in discount rates. For insurance contracts measured under the VFA, the impact flows through the CSM at current discount rates.The following table sets out the impacts of ACMA on our reported net income and CSM for the three months ended December 31, 2023.

F. Financial Strength

1. Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test

The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions has developed the regulatory capital framework referred to as the Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test for Canada. LICAT measures the capital adequacy of an insurer using a risk-based approach and includes elements that contribute to financial strength through periods when an insurer is under stress as well as elements that contribute to policyholder and creditor protection wind-up.

SLF Inc. is a non-operating insurance company and is subject to the LICAT guideline. Sun Life Assurance, SLF Inc.'s principal operating life insurance subsidiary, is also subject to the LICAT guideline.

SLF Inc.'s LICAT ratio of 142% and Sun Life Assurance's LICAT ratio of 139% as at January 1, 2023 increased 12 percentage points compared to December 31, 2022, from the transition to IFRS 17. The largest driver of change was the reduction in the LICAT base solvency buffer ("BSB") scalar from 1.05 to 1.0 which contributed seven percentage points.

SLF Inc.'s LICAT ratio of 149% as at December 31, 2023 increased seven percentage points compared to January 1, 2023, driven by reported net income, capital optimization and market movements, partially offset by shareholder dividend payments, subordinated debt redemption, M&A⁽¹⁾ activity, and share buybacks.

Sun Life Assurance's LICAT ratio of 141% as at December 31, 2023 increased two percentage points compared to January 1, 2023, driven by reported net income, capital optimization, and market movements, largely offset by dividend payments to SLF Inc. and M&A activity.

The Sun Life Assurance LICAT ratios in both periods are well above OSFI's supervisory ratio of 100% and regulatory minimum ratio of 90%.

2. Capital

On transition to the new standards, total capital of $40.6 billion as at January 1, 2023 increased $4.4 billion compared to December 31, 2022 driven by the establishment of the CSM, which includes transfers from Common shareholders' equity and equity in the participating account to the CSM.

Our total capital consists of subordinated debt and other capital instruments, CSM, equity in the participating account and total shareholders' equity which includes common shareholders' equity, preferred shares and other equity instruments, and non-controlling interests. As at December 31, 2023, our total capital was $42.4 billion, an increase of $1.7 billion compared to January 1, 2023. The increase to total capital included reported net income of $3,086 million, an increase of $921 million in CSM, the issuance of $500 million principal amount of Series 2023-1 Subordinated Unsecured 5.50% Fixed/Floating Debentures, which is detailed below, and net unrealized gains on FVOCI assets of $485 million. This was partially offset by the payment of $1,762 million of dividends on common shares of SLF Inc. ("common shares"), the redemption of $1 billion principal amount of Series 2016-2 Subordinated Unsecured 3.05% Fixed/Floating Debentures, which is detailed below, the unfavourable impacts of foreign exchange translation of $344 million included in other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI"), a decrease of $186 million from the repurchase and cancellation of common shares, and the impact related to the acquisition of AAM of $156 million⁽¹⁾.

Our capital and liquidity positions remain strong with a LICAT ratio of 149% at SLF Inc., a financial leverage ratio of 21.5%⁽²⁾ and $1.6 billion in cash and other liquid assets⁽²⁾ as at December 31, 2023 in SLF Inc.⁽³⁾ (December 31, 2022 - $1.1 billion).

Capital Transactions

On July 4, 2023, SLF Inc. issued $500 million principal amount of Series 2023-1 Subordinated Unsecured 5.50% Fixed/Floating Debentures due 2035. Sun Life intends to use an amount equal to the net proceeds from the offering to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, eligible assets as defined in our Sustainability Bond Framework.

On September 19, 2023, SLF Inc. redeemed all of the outstanding $1 billion principal amount of Series 2016-2 Subordinated Unsecured 3.05% Fixed/Floating Debentures, in accordance with the redemption terms attached to such debentures. The redemptions were funded from existing cash and liquid assets in SLF Inc.

Normal Course Issuer Bids

On August 24, 2023, SLF inc. announced that OSFI and the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") had approved its previously announced normal course issuer bid to purchase up to 17 million of its common shares (the "NCIB"). The NCIB commenced on August 29, 2023 and continues until August 28, 2024, such earlier date as SLF Inc. may determine, or such date as SLF Inc. completes its purchases of common shares pursuant to the NCIB. Purchases under the NCIB may be made through the facilities of the TSX, other Canadian stock exchanges and/or alternative Canadian trading platforms, at prevailing market rates. Subject to regulatory approval, purchases under the NCIB may also be made by way of private agreements or share repurchase programs under issuer bid exemption orders issued by securities regulatory authorities. Any purchases made under an exemption order issued by a securities regulatory authority will generally be at a discount to the prevailing market price. The actual number of common shares purchased under the NCIB, and the timing of such purchases (if any), will be determined by SLF Inc. Any common shares purchased by SLF Inc. pursuant to the NCIB will be cancelled or used in connection with certain equity settled incentive arrangements. The NCIB will provide the Company with the flexibility to acquire common shares in order to return capital to shareholders as part of its overall capital management strategy.

In 2023, SLF Inc. purchased approximately 2.8 million common shares at a total cost of $186 million pursuant to the NCIB. All of the common shares purchased under SLF Inc.'s NCIB were subsequently cancelled. There were no common shares purchased during the fourth quarter of 2023.

G. Performance by Business Segment

Information describing the business groups and their respective business units is included in our 2023 Annual MD&A. All factors discussed in this document that impact our underlying net income are also applicable to reported net income.

1. Asset Management

Profitability

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Asset Management underlying net income of $331 million increased $7 million or 2% driven by:

• MFS down $15 million (down US$11 million): Higher expenses offset by higher fee income from ANA. The MFS pre-tax net operating profit margin⁽¹⁾ was 39.4% for Q4'23, compared to 39.5% in the prior year.
• SLC Management up $22 million: The increase in underlying net income was driven by higher fee-related earnings and higher net seed investment income. Fee-related earnings⁽¹⁾ increased 26% driven by higher AUM, reflecting strong capital raising and deployment across the platform and the AAM acquisition⁽²⁾. Fee-related earnings margin⁽¹⁾ and pre-tax net operating profit margin⁽¹⁾ for Q4'23 were 24% and 22%, respectively (Q4'22 - 24% and 23%, respectively).

Asset Management reported net income of $297 million decreased $24 million or 7%, largely reflecting fair value changes in management's ownership of MFS shares.

Growth

2023 vs. 2022

Asset Management AUM of $1,015.9 billion increased $63.9 billion or 7% from December 31, 2022 driven by:

• Net asset value changes of $91.6 billion; and
• AUM driven by the AAM acquisition of $5.2 billion; partially offset by
• Net outflows of $26.4 billion; and
• Client distributions of $6.5 billion.

MFS' AUM increased US$50.7 billion or 9% from December 31, 2022, driven by:

• Increase in asset values from higher equity markets of US$79.5 billion, partially offset by net outflows of US$28.8 billion.

In Q4'23, 97%, 95%, and 30% of MFS' U.S. retail mutual fund assets ranked in the top half of their Morningstar categories based on ten-, five- and three-year performance, respectively.

SLC Management's AUM increased $13.5 billion or 6% from December 31, 2022 driven by:

• Net inflows of $12.5 billion, the AAM acquisition of $5.2 billion, and asset value changes of $2.3 billion, partially offset by Client distributions of $6.5 billion.
• Net inflows were comprised of capital raising and Client contributions, totaling $24.6 billion, partially offset by outflows of $12.2 billion.

SLC Management's FE AUM increased $12.4 billion or 8% from December 31, 2022, driven by:

• Net inflows of $14.2 billion, the AAM acquisition of $5.2 billion, and asset value changes of $0.2 billion, partially offset by Client distributions of $7.2 billion.
• Net inflows were comprised of capital deployment and Client contributions, totaling $24.6 billion, partially offset by outflows of $10.4 billion.

2. Canada

Profitability

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Underlying net income of $350 million increased $85 million or 32%, reflecting:

• Wealth & asset management up $20 million: Increase in investment income driven by higher volume and yields.
• Group - Health & Protection up $57 million: Business premium growth and improved disability experience reflecting higher margins, lower claims volumes, and shorter claims durations.
• Individual - Protection up $8 million: Higher investment contributions partially offset by unfavourable mortality experience.
• Higher earnings on surplus, primarily driven by realized gains in the current year.

Reported net income of $348 million decreased $105 million or 23%, driven by market-related impacts primarily from interest rates and real estate experience, and the prior year impact of the Canada Tax Rate Change⁽¹⁾, partially offset by ACMA impacts and the increase in underlying net income. 

Growth

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Canada's sales included:

• Wealth sales & asset management gross flows of $5.4 billion were up 32%, driven by higher Individual Wealth sales, primarily from mutual funds, and higher defined benefit sales in GRS.
• Group - Health & Protection sales of $174 million were up 63%, driven by higher large case sales.
• Individual - Protection sales of $171 million were up 23%, driven by higher participating whole life insurance sales.

3. U.S.

Profitability

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Underlying net income of US$187 million increased US$14 million or 8%, driven by:

• Group - Health & Protection down US$7 million: Lower Dental results reflecting the impact of Medicaid redeterminations following the end of the Public Health Emergency, partially offset by higher Group Benefits results. In Group Benefits, strong revenue growth, higher net investment results and favourable mortality experience was partially offset by less favourable morbidity experience.
• Individual - Protection up US$21 million: The inclusion of the UK payout annuity business⁽¹⁾ and improved mortality experience.

Reported net income of US$77 million decreased US$74 million or 49%, driven by ACMA impacts, and market-related impacts largely from interest rates and real estate experience, partially offset by lower DentaQuest integration costs and the increase in underlying net income.

Growth

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

U.S. group sales of US$932 million were up US$33 million or 4% driven by higher medical stop-loss and commercial dental sales, partially offset by lower employee benefits sales and lower large case sales in Dental.

4. Asia

Profitability

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Underlying net income of $143 million increased $8 million or 6%, driven by:

• Individual - Protection up $20 million: Business growth reflecting good sales momentum, partially offset by lower earnings on surplus.
• Regional office expenses & other $(12) million increased net loss primarily reflecting continued pan Asia investments in the business.

Reported net income of $44 million decreased $48 million or 52%, driven by ACMA impacts, partially offset by the impact of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Change⁽¹⁾. 

Growth

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Asia's sales included:

• Wealth sales & asset management gross flows of $2.0 billion were up 12%⁽²⁾, primarily driven by higher mutual fund sales in India, partially offset by lower money market fund sales in the Philippines.
• Individual sales of $536 million were up 49%⁽²⁾, primarily driven by higher sales in Hong Kong reflecting increased demand as pandemic-related travel restrictions were lifted in early 2023, and in International reflecting continued demand for our products, partially offset by lower sales in Vietnam reflecting market conditions, and China.

New business CSM of $223 million, was up from $122 million in the prior year, primarily driven by sales in Hong Kong and High-Net-Worth.

5. Corporate

Profitability

Quarterly Comparison - Q4'23 vs. Q4'22

Underlying net loss was $94 million compared to underlying net loss of $62 million in the prior year, driven by the sale of Sun Life UK⁽¹⁾ and higher operating expenses, partially offset by a lower effective tax rate.

Reported net loss was $41 million compared to reported net income of $97 million in the prior year, reflecting the impacts from the sale of Sun Life UK ⁽¹⁾, the prior year impact of tax-related matters⁽²⁾, and the change in underlying net loss.

H. Non-IFRS Financial Measures

We report certain financial information using non-IFRS financial measures, as we believe that these measures provide information that is useful to investors in understanding our performance and facilitate a comparison of our quarterly and full year results from period to period. These non-IFRS financial measures do not have any standardized meaning and may not be comparable with similar measures used by other companies. For certain non-IFRS financial measures, there are no directly comparable amounts under IFRS. These non-IFRS financial measures should not be viewed in isolation from or as alternatives to measures of financial performance determined in accordance with IFRS. Additional information concerning non-IFRS financial measures and, if applicable, reconciliations to the closest IFRS measures are available in the 2023 Annual MD&A under the heading M - Non-IFRS Financial Measures and the Supplementary Financial Information packages that are available on www.sunlife.com under Investors – Financial results and reports.

1. Common Shareholders' View of Reported Net Income

The following table provides the reconciliation of the Drivers of Earnings ("DOE") analysis to the Statement of Operations total net income. The DOE analysis provides additional detail on the sources of earnings, primarily for protection and health businesses, and explains the actual results compared to the longer term expectations. The underlying DOE and reported DOE are both presented on a common shareholders' basis by removing the allocations to participating policyholders.